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Bullitt County Public Schools Science Enduring Knowledge - Understandings |
| Physical Science |
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Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 512 Big Idea: Structure and Transformation of Matter (Physical Science) A basic understanding of matter is essential to the conceptual development of other big ideas in science. By high school, students will be dealing with evidence from both direct and indirect observations (microscopic level and smaller) to consider theories related to change and conservation of matter. The use of models (and an understanding of their scales and limitations) is an effective means of learning about the structure of matter. Looking for patterns in properties is also critical to comparing and explaining differences in matter. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. High School Enduring Knowledge . Understandings Students will understand that . the configuration of atoms in a molecule determines the moleculefs properties. Shapes are particularly important in how molecules interact with others. . an enormous variety of biological, chemical and physical phenomena can be explained by changes in the arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules. . when elements are listed in order by their number of protons, the same sequence of properties appears over and over again in the list. The structure of the periodic table reflects this sequence of properties, which is caused by the repeating pattern of outermost electrons. . not all atoms of an element are truly identical. Some may vary in their number of neutrons (isotopes) or electrons (ions). These variations result in properties which are different than the more common forms of that element. . Changes of state occur when enough energy is added to or removed from the atoms/molecules of a substance to change their average energy of vibration. Most solids expand as they are heated, and if sufficient energy is added the atoms/molecules lose their rigid structure and become free to move past each other as a liquid. In gases the energy of vibration is enough that individual atoms/molecules are free to move independently. . elements are able to form an almost limitless variety of chemical compounds by the sharing or exchange of their electrons. The rate at which these combinations occur is influenced by a number of variables. The compounds produced may vary tremendously in their physical and chemical properties. . chemical reactions have a variety of essential real-world applications, such as oxidation and various metabolic processes. . a system may stay the same because nothing is happening or because things are happening but exactly counterbalance one another. . accurate record-keeping, openness and replication are essential for maintaining credibility with other scientists and society. Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 513 Big Idea: Structure and Transformation of Matter (Physical Science) . Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will . classify samples of matter from everyday life as being elements, compounds, or mixtures . Investigate the kinetic molecular theory of matter . construct and/or interpret diagrams that illustrate ionic and covalent bonding . predict compound formation and bond type as either ionic or covalent . identify and test variables that affect reaction rates . use evidence/data from chemical reactions to predict the effects of changes in variables (concentration, temperature, properties of reactants, surface area and catalysts) . explore the relationships among temperature, particle number, pressure and volume in the Universal Gas Law . explain the organizational structure (design) and communicate the usefulness of the Periodic Table to determine potential combinations of elements . investigate the role of intermolecular or intramolecular interactions on the physical properties (solubility, density, polarity, boiling/melting points) of compounds . relate the chemical behavior of an element, including bonding, to its location on the periodic table . relate the structure of water to its function as the universal solvent . design and conduct experiments to determine the conductivity of various materials . create and/or interpret graphs and equations to depict and analyze patterns of change . explore real-life applications of a variety of chemical reactions (e.g., acids and bases, oxidation, rusting, tarnishing) and communicate findings/present evidence in an authentic form (transactive writing, public speaking, multimedia presentations) . generate investigable questions and conduct experiments or non-experimental research to address them, using evidence to defend conclusions Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 514 Big Idea: Motion and Forces (Physical Science) Whether observing airplanes, baseballs, planets, or people, the motion of all bodies is governed by the same basic rules. At the middle level, qualitative descriptions of the relationship between forces and motion will provide the foundation for quantitative applications of Newtonfs Laws. These ideas are more fully developed at the high school level along with the use of models to support evidence of motion in abstract or invisible phenomena such as electromagnetism. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. High School Enduring Knowledge . Understandings Students will understand that . representing and describing motion in a variety of ways provides data that can be used to construct explanations and make predictions about real-life phenomena. . the usefulness of a model can be tested by comparing its predictions to actual observations in the real world. But a close match does not necessarily mean that the model is the only gtrueh model or the only one that would work. . all motion is relative to whatever frame of reference is chosen, for there is no motionless frame from which to judge all motion. . the strength of the gravitational force between objects is proportional to the masses and weakens rapidly with increasing distance between them. . electricity and magnetism are two inseparable aspects of the same force (electromagnetism). Moving electrical charges produce magnetic forces and moving magnetic fields produce electrical forces. Electrical current is due to the motion of charge and has a specific direction. . electromagnetic forces acting within and between atoms are vastly stronger than the gravitational forces acting between the atoms. At the atomic level, electric forces between oppositely charged electrons and protons hold atoms and molecules together and thus are involved in all chemical reactions. On a larger scale, these forces hold solid and liquid materials together and act between objects when they are in contact.as in sticking or sliding friction. . the forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together are much stronger than the electromagnetic force. That is why such great amounts of energy are released from the nuclear reactions in the sun and other stars. Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 515 Big Idea: Motion and Forces (Physical Science) . Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will . design and conduct investigations involving the motion of objects and report the results in a variety of ways . investigate Newtonfs Laws of Motion and Gravitation. Experimentally test inertia and gravitational acceleration . experimentally test conservation of momentum. Use tables, charts and graphs in making arguments and claims in oral and written presentations . create and analyze graphs, ensuring that they do not misrepresent results by using inappropriate scales or by failing to specify the axes clearly . develop investigable questions that guide explorations of the interrelationship between electricity and magnetism . investigate the attraction and repulsion of electrical charges to predict the behavior of charged objects . create conceptual and mathematical models of motion and test them against real-life phenomena . explain why the strength of the nuclear force is responsible for the great energy release involved in nuclear reactions . predict which forces would be predominant in a given system and explain Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 518 Big Idea: Unity and Diversity (Biological Science) All matter is comprised of the same basic elements, goes through the same kinds of energy transformations, and uses the same kinds of forces to move. Living organisms are no exception. At the high school level, an in-depth study of the specialization and chemical changes occurring at the cellular level builds upon the foundational ideas developed earlier to investigate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and effects of alterations in DNA for an individual organism as well as for a species. Emphasis at every level should be placed upon the understanding that while every living thing is composed of similar small constituents that combine in predictable ways, it is the subtle variations within these small building blocks that account for both the likenesses and differences in form and function that create the diversity of life. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. High School Enduring Knowledge . Understandings Students will understand that . the many body cells in an individual can be very different from one another even though they are all descended from a single cell and thus have essentially identical genetic instructions. Different parts of the instructions are used in different types of cells. . within every cell are specialized parts for the transport of materials, energy transfer, protein building, waste disposal, information feedback and even movement. In addition, most cells in multi-cellular organisms perform specialized functions that others do not. . DNA, composed of 4 nucleic acids, serves as the blueprint for the production of a variety of proteins. These dynamic and complicated proteins facilitate practically every function/process that occurs within the cell. . the information passed from parents to offspring is coded in DNA molecules. The sorting and recombination of genes through sexual reproduction results in a great variety of gene combinations that can be used to make predictions about the potential traits of offspring. . some new gene combinations make little difference, some can produce offspring with new and perhaps enhanced capabilities, while some may reduce the ability of the offspring to survive. . the degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from the similarity of their DNA sequences, which often closely matches their classification based on anatomical similarities. . in all organisms and viruses, the instructions for specifying the characteristics are carried in nucleic acids. The chemical and structural properties of nucleic acids determine how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes and replicated. Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 519 Big Idea: Unity and Diversity (Biological Science) . Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will . analyze the parts within a cell responsible for particular processes and create analogous models for those processes . identify a variety of specialized cell types and describe how these differentiated cells contribute to the function of an individual organism as a whole . investigate the role of genes/chromosomes in the passing of information from one generation to another (heredity) . graphically represent (e.g., pedigrees, punnet squares) and predict the outcomes of a variety of genetic combinations . investigate the roles of genetic mutation and variability in contributing to the survival of offspring . describe the structure of DNA and explain its role in protein synthesis, cell replication and reproduction . describe and classify a variety of chemical reactions required for cell functions . describe the processes by which cells maintain their internal environments within acceptable limits . compare internal, external and metabolic characteristics of organisms in order to classify them into groups using taxonomic nomenclature to describe and justify these classifications . compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing a variety of diseases or conditions (e.g., AIDS, common cold, smallpox, warts) . identify and investigate areas of current research/innovation in biological science. Make inferences/predictions of the effects of this research on society and/or the environment and support or defend these predictions with scientific data Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 520 Big Idea: Biological Change (Biological Science) The only thing certain is that everything changes. At the high school level, students evaluate the role natural selection plays in the diversity of species. Modern ideas of evolution provide a scientific explanation for three main sets of observable facts about life on Earth: the enormous number of different life forms we see about us, the systematic similarities in anatomy and molecular chemistry we see within that diversity, and the sequence of changes in fossils found in successive layers of rock that have been formed over more than a billion years. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. 2.6 Students understand how living and nonliving things change over time and the factors that influence the changes. High School Enduring Knowledge . Understandings Students will understand that . the survival of any given species is not assured. There are a variety of factors (e.g. reproductive success, mutation, availability of resources, competition) that may determine if a species flourishes, declines, or eventually becomes extinct. . the Earthfs present-day species developed from earlier, distinctly different species through a process of natural selection. All living things share a common genetic heritage. . some organisms have greater adaptive capabilities than others, giving them a greater chance of survival under changing environmental conditions. These adaptations may be patterns of behavior as well as physical characteristics. . the endangerment/ and/or extinction of a species cannot be slowed or prevented without sufficient data to model the interactions of the factors involved. . in science the term theory is reserved to describe only those ideas that have been well tested through scientific investigation. Scientific theories are judged by how well they fit with other theories, the range of observations they explain, how well they explain observations and their usefulness in predicting new findings. Scientific theories usually grow slowly through contributions from many investigators. High School Skills and Concepts Students will . identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical similarities, physiological similarities and embryology . explain the role of natural selection in speciation, adaptation, diversity and phylogeny . compare variations, tolerances and adaptations (behavioral and physiological) of plants and animals in different biomes . generate possible solutions to real-world problems of endangered and extinct species and predict the impact of a variety of change . predict the likelihood of survival for a variety of existing species based upon predicted changes in environmental conditions (e.g., global warming, continental drift) and propose methods to prevent the extinction of species with insufficient ability to adapt . distinguish between a scientific law, theory, hypothesis and unsupported supposition/claim . investigate the historical development and revision of a variety of accepted scientific laws, theories and claims Kentucky Department of Education Program of Studies . Science . High School 521 Big Idea: Energy Transformations (Unifying Concepts) Energy transformations are inherent in almost every system in the universe.from tangible examples at the elementary level, such as heat production in simple Earth and physical systems to more abstract ideas beginning at middle school, such as those transformations involved in the growth, dying and decay of living systems. The use of models to illustrate the often invisible and abstract notions of energy transfer will aid in conceptualization, especially as students move from the macroscopic level of observation and evidence (primarily elementary school) to the microscopic interactions at the atomic level (middle and high school levels). Students in high school expand their understanding of constancy through the study of a variety of phenomena. Conceptual understanding and application of the laws of thermodynamics connect ideas about matter with energy transformations within all living, physical and Earth systems. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. |
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SC-HS-1.1.1 Clasify Elements
The learner will be able to classify or make generalizations about elements from data of observed patterns in atomic structure and/or position on the periodic table. The periodic table is a consequence of the repeating pattern of outermost electrons. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-1.1.2 Atomic Necleus
The learner will be able to understand that the atom's nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons that are much more massive than electrons. When an element has atoms that differ in the number of neutrons, these atoms are called different isotopes of the element. .
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SC-HS-1.1.3 Solids Liquids Gasses
The learner will be able to understand that solids, liquids and gases differ in the distances between molecules or atoms and therefore the energy that binds them together. In solids, the structure is nearly rigid; in liquids, molecules or atoms move around each other but do not move apart; and in gases, molecules or atoms move almost independently of each other and are relatively far apart. The behavior of gases and the relationship of the variables influencing them can be described and predicted. .
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SC-HS-1.1.4 conducting materials
The learner will be able to understand that in conducting materials, electrons flow easily; whereas, in insulating materials, they can hardly flow at all. Semiconducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperatures, some materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons. .
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SC-HS-1.1.5 intermolecular/Intramocelula
The learner will be able to explain the role of intermolecular or intramolecular interactions on the physical properties (solubility, density, polarity, conductivity, boiling/melting points) of compounds. The physical properties of compounds reflect the nature of the interactions among molecules. These interactions are determined by the structure of the molecule including the constituent atoms. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-1.1.6 Reaction rates
The learner will be able to "" identify variables that affect reaction rates; " predict effects of changes in variables (concentration, temperature, properties of reactants, surface area and catalysts) based on evidence/data from chemical reactions. Rates of chemical reactions vary. Reaction rates depend on concentration, temperature and properties of reactants. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-1.1.7 Ionic Covalent Bonding
The learner will be able to " construct diagrams to illustrate ionic or covalent bonding; " predict compound formation and bond type as either ionic or covalent (polar, nonpolar) and represent the products formed with simple chemical formulas. Bonds between atoms are created when outer electrons are paired by being transferred (ionic) or shared (covalent). A compound is formed when two or more kinds of atoms bind together chemically. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-1.1.8 Importance Chemical Reaction
The learner will be able to "" explain the importance of chemical reactions in a real-world context; " justify conclusions using evidence/data from chemical reactions. Chemical reactions (e.g., acids and bases, oxidation, combustion of fuels, rusting, tarnishing) occur all around us and in every cell in our bodies. These reactions may release or absorb energy. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-1.2.1 Motion
The learner will be able to "" select or construct accurate and appropriate representations for motion (visual, graphical and mathematical); " defend conclusions/explanations about the motion of objects and real-life phenomena from evidence/data. Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Newton's Laws of motion are used to describe the effects of forces on the motion of objects. Conservation of mechanical energy and conservation of momentum may also be used to predict motion. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-1.2.2 electricity and magnetism
The learner will be able to "" explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism; " propose solutions to real life problems involving electromagnetism. Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of a single electromagnetic force. Moving electric charges produce magnetic forces or "fields" and moving magnets produce electric forces or "fields". This idea underlies the operation of electric motors and generators. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-1.2.3 electric force
The learner will be able to will understand that the electric force is a universal force that exists between any two charged objects. Opposite charges attract while like charges repel. .
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| Earth / Space Science |
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Big Idea: The Earth and the Universe (Earth/Space Science) The Earth system is in a constant state of change. These changes affect life on Earth in many ways. At the high school level, most of the emphasis is on why these changes occur. An understanding of systems and their interacting components will enable students to evaluate supporting theories of Earth changes. The use of models and observance of patterns to explain common phenomena is essential to building a conceptual foundation and supporting ideas with evidence at all levels. Patterns play an important role as students seek to develop a conceptual understanding of gravity in their world and in the universe. High school is the time to bring all of the ideas together to look at the universe as a whole. Students will use evidence to evaluate and analyze theories related to the origin of the universe and all components of the universe. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. High School Enduring Knowledge Understandings Students will understand that gravity played an essential role in the formation of the universe and is one of the fundamental forces that controls the function of the universe and the systems within it. current estimates of the ages of the Earth (4.6 billion years) and the universe (10+ billion years) are based on a variety of measurement techniques that have unique strengths and limitations. The same evidence that establishes the extreme age of the universe also indicates its vastness. stars have cycles of birth and death, and the lives of large stars end in explosions that provide the elements to create new stars and planets. All living things on Earth are also formed from this recycled matter. the speed of light is dwarfed by the vastness of the universe, resulting in the human view of the sky being essentially a look back in time as we view light that was emitted long in the past and has been traveling across the cosmos to reach Earth. the shape and location of the continents have been gradually changing for millions of years because density differences inside the mantle result in convection currents. These changes, as well as more rapid ones (e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis) can impact living organisms. mathematical models and computer simulations are used in studying evidence from many sources to form a scientific account of the universe. scientists rely on increasingly sophisticated methods of measurement in order to investigate a variety of phenomena that were previously immeasurable. curiosity, honesty, openness and skepticism are highly regarded in science, and are incorporated into the way science is carried out. Big Idea: The Earth and the Universe (Earth/Space Science) -Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will compare methods used to measure the ages of geologic features research the historical rise in acceptance of the theory of Plate Tectonics and the geological/biological consequences of plate movement analyze the supporting evidence for the nebular theory of formation of the solar system analyze the supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory of formation of the universe explain the role of gravity in the formation and function of the universe investigate, describe and document patterns of interaction of matter and gravity describe the life cycle of stars and the products/consequences of their deaths explain how technological solutions permit the study of phenomena too faint, small, distant or slow to be directly measured employ scientific notation to communicate and compare astronomical phenomena explore real-life implications of current findings in Earth/space research and communicate findings in an authentic form, exemplifying the traits of curiosity, honesty, openness and skepticism |
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SC-HS-2.3.1 Planetary Motion
The learner will be able to "" explain phenomena (falling objects, planetary motion, satellite motion) related to gravity; " describe the factors that affect gravitational force. Gravity is a universal force that each mass exerts on every other mass. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-2.3.3 Origin Heavy Elements
The learner will be able to explain the origin of the heavy elements in planetary objects (planets, stars). Some stars explode at the end of their lives, and the heavy elements they have created are blasted out into space to form the next generation of stars and planets. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-2.3.4 Stars Life Cycles
The learner will be able to understand that stars have life cycles of birth through death that are analogous to those of living organisms. During their lifetimes, stars generate energy from nuclear fusion reactions that create successively heavier chemical elements. .
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SC-HS-2.3.5 Earths Formation
The learner will be able to understand that the Sun, Earth and the rest of the solar system formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from a nebular cloud of dust and gas. .
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SC-HS-2.3.6 Gelogic Time
The learner will be able to "" compare the limitations/benefits of various techniques ( radioactive dating, observing rock sequences and comparing fossils) for estimating geological time; " justify deductions about age of geologic features. Techniques used to estimate geological time include using radioactive dating, observing rock sequences and comparing fossils to correlate the rock sequences at various locations. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-2.3.7 Convection Earths Mantle
The learner will be able to "" explain real-life phenomena caused by the convection of the Earth's mantle; " predict the consequences of this motion on humans and other living things on the planet. The outward transfer of Earth's internal heat drives convection circulation in the mantle. This causes the crustal plates to move on the face of the Earth. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-2.3.8 Volcanoes/Earthquakes
The learner will be able to predict consequences of both rapid (volcanoes, earthquakes) and slow (mountain building, plate movement) earth processes from evidence/data and justify reasoning. The Earth's surface is dynamic; earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be observed on a human time scale, but many processes, such as mountain building and plate movements, take place over hundreds of millions of years. DOK 3 .
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| Earth and Space Science |
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SC-HS-2.3.2 Big Bang
The learner will be able to "" describe the current scientific theory of the formation of the universe (Big Bang) and its evidence; " explain the role of gravity in the formation of the universe and it's components. The current and most widely accepted scientific theory of the mechanism of formation of the universe (Big Bang) places the origin of the universe at a time between 10 and 20 billion years ago, when the universe began in a hot dense state. According to this theory, the universe has been expanding since then. Early in the history of the universe, the first atoms to form were mainly hydrogen and helium. Over time, these elements clump together by gravitational attraction to form trillions of stars. DOK 2 .
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| Biological Science |
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Big Idea: Unity and Diversity (Biological Science) All matter is comprised of the same basic elements, goes through the same kinds of energy transformations, and uses the same kinds of forces to move. Living organisms are no exception. At the high school level, an in-depth study of the specialization and chemical changes occurring at the cellular level builds upon the foundational ideas developed earlier to investigate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and effects of alterations in DNA for an individual organism as well as for a species. Emphasis at every level should be placed upon the understanding that while every living thing is composed of similar small constituents that combine in predictable ways, it is the subtle variations within these small building blocks that account for both the likenesses and differences in form and function that create the diversity of life. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. High School Enduring Knowledge Understandings Students will understand that the many body cells in an individual can be very different from one another even though they are all descended from a single cell and thus have essentially identical genetic instructions. Different parts of the instructions are used in different types of cells. within every cell are specialized parts for the transport of materials, energy transfer, protein building, waste disposal, information feedback and even movement. In addition, most cells in multi-cellular organisms perform specialized functions that others do not. DNA, composed of 4 nucleic acids, serves as the blueprint for the production of a variety of proteins. These dynamic and complicated proteins facilitate practically every function/process that occurs within the cell. the information passed from parents to offspring is coded in DNA molecules. The sorting and recombination of genes through sexual reproduction results in a great variety of gene combinations that can be used to make predictions about the potential traits of offspring. some new gene combinations make little difference, some can produce offspring with new and perhaps enhanced capabilities, while some may reduce the ability of the offspring to survive. the degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from the similarity of their DNA sequences, which often closely matches their classification based on anatomical similarities. in all organisms and viruses, the instructions for specifying the characteristics are carried in nucleic acids. The chemical and structural properties of nucleic acids determine how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes and replicated. Big Idea: Unity and Diversity (Biological Science) Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will analyze the parts within a cell responsible for particular processes and create analogous models for those processes identify a variety of specialized cell types and describe how these differentiated cells contribute to the function of an individual organism as a whole investigate the role of genes/chromosomes in the passing of information from one generation to another (heredity) graphically represent (e.g., pedigrees, punnet squares) and predict the outcomes of a variety of genetic combinations investigate the roles of genetic mutation and variability in contributing to the survival of offspring describe the structure of DNA and explain its role in protein synthesis, cell replication and reproduction describe and classify a variety of chemical reactions required for cell functions describe the processes by which cells maintain their internal environments within acceptable limits compare internal, external and metabolic characteristics of organisms in order to classify them into groups using taxonomic nomenclature to describe and justify these classifications compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing a variety of diseases or conditions (e.g., AIDS, common cold, smallpox, warts) identify and investigate areas of current research/innovation in biological science. Make inferences/predictions of the effects of this research on society and/or the environment and support or defend these predictions with scientific data Big Idea: Biological Change (Biological Science) The only thing certain is that everything changes. At the high school level, students evaluate the role natural selection plays in the diversity of species. Modern ideas of evolution provide a scientific explanation for three main sets of observable facts about life on Earth: the enormous number of different life forms we see about us, the systematic similarities in anatomy and molecular chemistry we see within that diversity, and the sequence of changes in fossils found in successive layers of rock that have been formed over more than a billion years. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. 2.6 Students understand how living and nonliving things change over time and the factors that influence the changes. High School Enduring Knowledge Understandings Students will understand that the survival of any given species is not assured. There are a variety of factors (e.g. reproductive success, mutation, availability of resources, competition) that may determine if a species flourishes, declines, or eventually becomes extinct. the Earths present-day species developed from earlier, distinctly different species through a process of natural selection. All living things share a common genetic heritage. some organisms have greater adaptive capabilities than others, giving them a greater chance of survival under changing environmental conditions. These adaptations may be patterns of behavior as well as physical characteristics. the endangerment/ and/or extinction of a species cannot be slowed or prevented without sufficient data to model the interactions of the factors involved. in science the term theory is reserved to describe only those ideas that have been well tested through scientific investigation. Scientific theories are judged by how well they fit with other theories, the range of observations they explain, how well they explain observations and their usefulness in predicting new findings. Scientific theories usually grow slowly through contributions from many investigators. High School Skills and Concepts Students will identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical similarities, physiological similarities and embryology explain the role of natural selection in speciation, adaptation, diversity and phylogeny compare variations, tolerances and adaptations (behavioral and physiological) of plants and animals in different biomes generate possible solutions to real-world problems of endangered and extinct species and predict the impact of a variety of change predict the likelihood of survival for a variety of existing species based upon predicted changes in environmental conditions (e.g., global warming, continental drift) and propose methods to prevent the extinction of species with insufficient ability to adapt distinguish between a scientific law, theory, hypothesis and unsupported supposition/claim investigate the historical development and revision of a variety of accepted scientific laws, theories and claims |
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SC-HS-3.4.1 Role of DNA
The learner will be able to explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis. Cells store and use information to guide their functions. The genetic information stored in DNA directs the synthesis of the thousands of proteins that each cell requires. Errors that may occur during this process may result in mutations that may be harmful to the organism. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-3.4.2 Cell Functions
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The learner will be able to understand that most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. The breakdown of some of the food molecules enables the cell to store energy in specific chemicals that are used to carry out the many functions of the cell. .
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SC-HS-3.4.3 Cell Regualtion
The learner will be able to "" describe cell regulation (enzyme function, diffusion, osmosis, homeostasis); " predict consequences of internal/external environmental change on cell function/regulation. Cell functions are regulated. Regulation occurs both through changes in the activity of the functions performed by proteins and through selective expression of individual genes. This regulation allows cells to respond to their internal and external environments and to control and coordinate cell growth and division. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-3.4.4 Photosynthesis
The learner will be able to understand that plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. Plants and many microorganisms (e.g., Euglena) use solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy-rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment. This process of photosynthesis provides a vital link between the Sun and energy needs of living systems. .
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SC-HS-3.4.5 Reproduction
The learner will be able to "" explain the relationship between sexual reproduction (meiosis) and the transmission of genetic information; " draw conclusions/make predictions based on hereditary evidence/data (pedigrees, punnet squares). Multicellular organisms, including humans, form from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome. This explains many features of heredity. Transmission of genetic information through sexual reproduction to offspring occurs when male and female gametes, that contain only one representative from each chromosome pair, unite. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-3.4.6 Nucleic Acids
The learner will be able to understand that in all organisms and viruses, the instructions for specifying the characteristics are carried in nucleic acids. The chemical and structural properties of nucleic acids determine how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes and replicated. .
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SC-HS-3.4.7 Clasify Organisms
The learner will be able to classify organisms into groups based on similarities; " infer relationships based on internal and external structures and chemical processes. Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related. Organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities that reflect their relationships. Species is the most fundamental unit of classification. Different species are classified by the comparison and analysis of their internal and external structures and the similarity of their chemical processes. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-3.4.8 Nervous System
The learner will be able to understand that multicellular animals have nervous systems that generate behavior. Nerve cells communicate with each other by secreting specific molecules. Specialized cells in sense organs detect light, sound and specific chemicals enabling animals to monitor what is going on in the world around them. .
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SC-HS-3.5.1 Species Change over time
The learner will be able to "" predict the impact on species of changes to 1) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, (2) the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes, (3) a finite supply of the resources required for life, or (4) natural selection; " propose solutions to real-world problems of endangered and extinct species. Species change over time. Biological change over time is the consequence of the interactions of (1) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, (2) the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes, (3) a finite supply of the resources required for life and (4) natural selection. The consequences of change over time provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms and for the striking molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some of these changes make no difference to the organism, whereas others can change cells and organisms. Only mutations in germ cells have the potential to create the variation that changes an organism's future offspring. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-3.5.2 patterns of adaptive behavio
The learner will be able to predict the success of patterns of adaptive behaviors based on evidence/data; " justify explanations of organism survival based on scientific understandings of behavior. The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by organisms have changed over time through natural selection to ensure reproductive success. Organisms often live in unpredictable environments, so their behavioral responses must be flexible enough to deal with uncertainty and change. Behaviors often have an adaptive logic. DOK 3 .
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| Unifying Ideas |
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Big Idea: Energy Transformations (Unifying Concepts) Energy transformations are inherent in almost every system in the universefrom tangible examples at the elementary level, such as heat production in simple Earth and physical systems to more abstract ideas beginning at middle school, such as those transformations involved in the growth, dying and decay of living systems. The use of models to illustrate the often invisible and abstract notions of energy transfer will aid in conceptualization, especially as students move from the macroscopic level of observation and evidence (primarily elementary school) to the microscopic interactions at the atomic level (middle and high school levels). Students in high school expand their understanding of constancy through the study of a variety of phenomena. Conceptual understanding and application of the laws of thermodynamics connect ideas about matter with energy transformations within all living, physical and Earth systems. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. 2.5 Students understand that under certain conditions nature tends to remain the same or move toward a balance. Big Idea: Energy Transformations (Unifying Concepts) Continued High School Enduring Knowledge Understandings Students will understand that transformations that occur within the nuclei of atoms release vastly greater energy than those that involve only electrons, and result in the emission of radiation and/or transformation of elements. while the total amount of energy in the universe is constant, the amount that is available for useful transformations is always decreasing. Systems within the universe will cease to function once the energy differential becomes zero. waves, including electromagnetic radiation, are an important form of energy transfer. Waves are governed by rules that can be investigated and used to predict/explain their behavior. many elements and compounds are involved in continuous cyclic processes where they are stored by and/or flow between organisms and the environment. These processes require a continuous supply of energy to occur. radiant energy from the sun is stored in a chemical form in plants as a result of photosynthesis. This energy transformation allows plants to use simple molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water, to assemble the complex molecules needed to increase their mass. energy stored in food is released by a series of internal chemical reactions that reorganize the molecules into a form useable by the organism. a variety of carbon compounds are essential to the processes that occur in all organisms. heat is a manifestation of the random motion and vibrations of atoms or molecules within a substance. Interactions between or among atoms or molecules naturally move toward states of higher disorder. many different sources of energy are used for a variety of purposes, including powering machines designed to do useful work. Regardless of function or energy source, the useful energy output of any machine is always less than the total energy input. all Earth systems/processes require either an internal or external source of energy to function. Changes to any component, or to the quantity or type of energy input, may influence all components of the system. weather and climate are the direct or indirect result of transfer of solar energy, and changes in one part of the system may influence all of the others. The complexity of the system and the number of variables involved requires very complex mathematical models in order to make accurate predictions. technological problems often create a demand for new scientific knowledge, and new technologies make it possible for scientists to conduct their research more effectively or to conduct new lines of research. The availability of new technology often sparks scientific advances. technology affects society because it solves practical problems and serves human needs. Science affects society by stimulating thought or satisfying curiosity, or by influencing views of the world, or by providing knowledge necessary for new technological advances. Big Idea: Energy Transformations (Unifying Concepts) Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will classify and describe nuclear reactions and their products investigate the forces inside the nucleus and evaluate the risk/benefits of nuclear energy apply the law of conservation of energy and explore heat flow in real-life phenomena investigate waves, the rules describing wave behavior and energy transfer via waves in real life phenomena (e.g., nuclear medicine, industrial applications) investigate the flow of matter and energy between organisms and the environment and model the cyclic nature of this process explain the metabolic process of photosynthesis and describe the molecules it assembles to store solar energy describe the metabolic processes that allow energy stored in food to be made available to the organism explore the composition and function of the carbon compounds involved in metabolism apply the concept of entropy to molecular interactions and to interactions within the universe analyze a variety of energy sources, their potential uses and their relative costs/benefits investigate the relationship of energy input vs. useful energy output in mechanical systems model and explain the relationships and energy flow existing in various Earth systems use weather data to model the complex interactions responsible for weather and climate describe how science and technology interact. Research and investigate the impact of technology on society and how technological advances have driven scientific research Big Idea: Interdependence (Unifying Concepts) It is not difficult for students to grasp the general notion that species depend on one another and on the environment for survival. But their awareness must be supported by knowledge of the kinds of relationships that exist among organisms, the kinds of physical conditions that organisms must cope with, the kinds of environments created by the interaction of organisms with one another and their physical surroundings, and the complexity of such systems At the high school level, the concept of an ecosystem should bring coherence to the complex array of relationships among organisms and environments that students have encountered. Students growing understanding of systems in general will reinforce the concept of ecosystems. Stability and change in ecosystems can be considered in terms of variables such as population size, number and kinds of species, productivity and the effect of human intervention. Academic Expectations 2.1 Students understand scientific ways of thinking and working and use those methods to solve reallife problems. 2.2 Students identify, analyze, and use patterns such as cycles and trends to understand past and present events and predict possible future events. 2.3 Students identify and analyze systems and the ways their components work together or affect each other. 2.4 Students use the concept of scale and scientific models to explain the organization and functioning of living and nonliving things and predict other characteristics that might be observed. High School Enduring Knowledge Understandings Students will understand that human beings are part of the Earths ecosystems. Human activities can, deliberately or inadvertently, alter the equilibrium in ecosystems. unique among organisms, humans have the capability to impact other species on a global scale both directly (e.g. selective breeding, genetic engineering, foreign species introductions) and indirectly (e.g. habitat crowding, pollution, climate change). the appearance of new species always impacts the environment. In some cases this impact can have global and profound significance (e.g. when ancient bacteria transformed the atmosphere to an oxygen-rich environment). every ecosystem contains natural checks and balances, both biotic and abiotic, that serve to limit the size and range of the populations contained within it. human creativity, inventiveness and ingenuity have brought new risks as well as improvements to human existence. People control technology and are ultimately responsible for its effects. science/technology occasionally provides the means to do questionable things. Decisions about doing these things require exercising a sense of responsibility. Just because something can be done does not mean it should be done. the critical assumptions behind any line of reasoning must be made explicit, so that the validity of the position being taken can be judged. Big Idea: Interdependence (Unifying Concepts) Continued High School Skills and Concepts Students will explore ways to eradicate or lessen environmental problems caused by human interaction (e.g., examine programs for habitat restoration or wildlife protection, automotive/industrial emissions standards) investigate changes in ecosystems and propose potential solutions to problems by documenting and communicating solutions to others through multi-media presentations analyze and describe the effects of events (e.g., fires, hurricanes, deforestation, mining, population growth and municipal development) on environments from a variety of perspectives. Use data to propose ways of lessening impacts perceived as negative examine existing models of global population growth and the factors affecting population change (e.g., geography, diseases, natural events, birth/death rates). Propose and defend solutions to identified problems of population change analyze examples of environmental changes resulting from the introduction, removal, or reintroductions of indigenous or non-indigenous species to an ecosystem. Use information to predict future impacts of similar changes in other ecosystems analyze and synthesize research, for questions about, theories and related technologies that have advanced our understanding of interdependence explore the causes, consequences and possible solutions to persistent, contemporary and emerging global issues relating to environmental quality Investigate controversial scientific proposals (e.g., human cloning, genetic modification of crops, nuclear waste storage), use scientific evidence/data to support or defend a position and debate the ethical merits of implementing the proposed actions |
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SC-HS-4.6.1 Matter/Energy/Liv Systems
The learner will be able to "" explain the relationships and connections between matter, energy, living systems and the physical environment; " give examples of conservation of matter and energy. As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels (e.g., cells, organs, organisms, communities) and between living systems and the physical environment, chemical elements are recombined in different ways. Each recombination results in storage and dissipation of energy into the environment as heat. Matter and energy are conserved in each change. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-4.6.2 wave behavior
The learner will be able to predict wave behavior and energy transfer; " apply knowledge of waves to real life phenomena/investigations. Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water and electromagnetic waves, can transfer energy when they interact with matter. Apparent changes in frequency can provide information about relative motion. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-4.6.3 electromagnetic waves
The learner will be able to understand that electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays and gamma rays result when a charged object is accelerated. .
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SC-HS-4.6.4 biochemical cycles
The learner will be able to "" describe the components and reservoirs involved in biogeochemical cycles ( water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen); " explain the movement of matter and energy in biogeochemical cycles and related phenomena. The total energy of the universe is constant. Energy can change forms and/or be transferred in many ways, but it can neither be created nor destroyed. Movement of matter between reservoirs is driven by Earth's internal and external sources of energy. These movements are often accompanied by a change in physical and chemical properties of the matter. Carbon, for example, occurs in carbonate rocks such as limestone, in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas, in water as dissolved carbon dioxide and in all organisms as complex molecules that control the chemistry of life. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-4.6.5 Carbon Molecules
The learner will be able to describe and explain the role of carbon-containing molecules and chemical reactions in energy transfer in living systems. Living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain their chemical and physical organization since the universal tendency is toward more disorganized states. The energy for life primarily derives from the Sun. Plants capture energy by absorbing light and using it to break weaker bonds in reactants (such as carbon dioxide and water) in chemical reactions that result in the formation of carbon-containing molecules. These molecules can be used to assemble larger molecules (e.g., DNA, proteins, sugars, fats). In addition, the energy released when these molecules react with oxygen to form very strong bonds can be used as sources of energy for life processes. DOK 3 .
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SC-HS-4.6.6 heat / atoms
The learner will be able to understand that heat is the manifestation of the random motion and vibrations of atoms. .
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SC-HS-4.6.7 world applicaitons of energy
The learner will be able to "" explain real world applications of energy using information/data; " evaluate explanations of mechanical systems using current scientific knowledge about energy. The universe becomes less orderly and less organized over time. Thus, the overall effect is that the energy is spread out uniformly. For example, in the operation of mechanical systems, the useful energy output is always less than the energy input; the difference appears as heat. DOK 2 .
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SC-HS-4.6.8 Sources of Energy
The learner will be able to "" describe the connections between the functioning of the Earth system and its sources of energy (internal and external); " predict the consequences of changes to any component of the Earth system. Earth systems have sources of energy that are internal and external to the Earth. The Sun is the major external source of energy. Two primary sources of internal energy are the decay of radioactive isotopes and the gravitational energy from Earth's original formation. DOK 3 .
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